(''The Outcast'') is an

opera Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a librett ...

in two acts by

Gaetano Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, he was a leading composer of the '' bel canto'' opera style dur ...

from a libretto by Domenico Gilardoni, based on ''Le Paria'' by Casimir Delavigne and Michele Carafa's ''Il paria'' with a libretto by Gaetano Rossi. Completed in the winter of 1828, it was first performed on 12 January 1829 at the Teatro San Carlo, Naples. The opera had modest success, with six performances and Donizetti was not satisfied. In a letter to his father he announced his intentions to revise it,Verzino, Edward Clement (19 January 1829)
"Contribution to a biography of Gaetano Donizetti; letters and unpublished documents"
"Ho dato l'opera e fui chiamato fuori, io però dico che ho sbagliato in qualche sito, e lo proverò coll'aggiustarla: mi conosco!" Bergamo: Carnazzi, 1896, p. 50 but the idea was abandoned. The scholar William Ashbrook, has called this work "Donizetti's finest achievement up to this point",Ashbrook 1982, pp. 309—312 praising the adhesion of the vocal writing to the dramatic situations and the sense of proportions, stressing in particular the use of a quartet instead of the classic Finale (music), final. According to Ashbrook, the limited luck of ''Paria'' is due in large part to the libretto, with its numerous dramatic flaws, and lack of a final decisive dramaturgy. Some portions were re-used in other works by Donizetti, including ''Anna Bolena'', ''La romanziera e l'uomo nero'', ''Torquato Tasso (opera), Torquato Tasso'', and ''Le duc d'Albe'', as well as in ''Il diluvio universale''.

Roles

Synopsis

:Time: "The distant past"Osborne 1994, p. 183 :Place: Benares

Act 1

Akebare, high priest of the Brahmins, plans to give his daughter, Neala, in marriage to a valiant warrior. He has already chosen Idamore, the leader of the warriors, who is to return victorious after defeating the Portuguese enemies, even though he hates him for the glory he receives. Neala is in love with Idamore but is unaware of her father's choice, hence she fears for their destiny. Idamore, who returns the affection of Neala, has a secret: he is a Paraiyar, Pariah, a member of a caste mortally hated by the Brahmins because it is considered cursed by the god Brahma, but he succeeded in becoming a warrior concealing his origin. The father of Idamore, Zarete, has for a long time heard no news from his son, and now arrives Anonymity, incognito, searching. When he gets to talk to his son and learns that Idamore is about to marry the daughter of their mortal enemy, the Brahmins, a fight between the two breaks out. But ultimately Idamore promises his father he will flee with him, asking his permission to say goodbye to Neala first.

Act 2

Idamore, having learned from Akebare that he's the groom chosen for Neala, reveals his origins to Neala. Neala agrees to elope with him after they have celebrated their wedding. Zarete, upon learning the wedding is taking place, breaks into the temple, demanding equality between Paraiyar, Pariahs and Brahmins. He is sentenced to death by Akebare, and Idamore is forced to reveal to everyone that he is the son of a Pariah. Akebare in his fury sentences Idamore to death as well, and Neala begs her father for mercy to no avail. She opts to join them in "a horrible, atrocious death", while Akebare rejoices "Mine is the kingdom! Mine is the empire! I couldn’t yearn for more!", as he can take possession of the empire when Idamore is dead.

Recordings

References

Notes Sources *Allitt, John Stewart (1991), ''Donizetti: in the light of Romanticism and the teaching of Johann Simon Mayr'', Shaftesbury: Element Books, Ltd (UK); Rockport, MA: Element, Inc.(USA) *William Ashbrook, Ashbrook, William (1982), ''Donizetti and His Operas'', Cambridge University Press. *Asbrook, William (1998), "Donizetti, Gaetano" in Stanley Sadie (Ed.), ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'', Vol. One. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. *Ashbrook, William and Sarah Hibberd (2001), in Amanda Holden (writer), Holden, Amanda (Ed.), ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam. . pp. 224 – 247. *Black, John (1982), ''Donizetti’s Operas in Naples, 1822—1848''. London: The Donizetti Society. *Loewenberg, Alfred (1970). ''Annals of Opera, 1597-1940'', 2nd edition. Rowman and Littlefield *Charles Osborne (music writer), Osborne, Charles, (1994), ''The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini'', Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. *Stanley Sadie, Sadie, Stanley, (Ed.); John Tyrell (Exec. Ed.) (2004), ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians''. 2nd edition. London: Macmillan. (hardcover). (eBook). *Stanley-Little, Clarissa (2009)
''The Great Lablache: Nineteenth Century Operatic Superstar His Life and His Times"
Xlibris Corporation *Steiger, Karsten, (2008)
"''Il paria''" in ''Opern-Diskographie''
Munich: Walter de Gruyter (In German) * Weinstock, Herbert (1963), ''Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century'', New York: Pantheon Books.

External links

* (original at the Naples Conservatorio San Pietro a Majella) {{DEFAULTSORT:Paria Operas by Gaetano Donizetti Italian-language operas 1829 operas Operas Operas set in India